Managerial Roles :: essays research papers

Henry Mintzberg took a live study of five CEO’s of a company and came up with ten managerial roles that best reflected all the daily tasks a manager performs. These ten tasks or roles are broken up to in groups called interpersonal, informational, and decisional. The groups are managerial behaviors the manager would go through on the job. The interpersonal managerial roles have three roles within it figurehead, leader, and liaison. A figurehead role was obliged to perform a number of routine duties of legal or social nature. An example would be a manager in charge of the legal department or sign contracts for sales deal. The leader role was in charge of motivation, training, and staffing. An example would be a manager hiring an employee or human resources manager. The liaison role was to keep contact information of vendors that would supply information or work. A manager would keep this information to do everyday business to keep in contact with vendors. The informational managerial role also has three roles within it are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. The monitor keeps current with all company information from within and the outside world. A manager would want to keep current to tell or show new things that employees or other personal would need to know. The disseminator shares knowledge with other employees. A manager would do this by holding meeting or sending out emails. The spokesperson would share information to the outside world like the press or other organizations. A manager would hold a conference or inform the media of new things to come. The Decisional managerial role has four roles that are entrepreneur, disturbance hander, resource allocator, and negotiator. The entrepreneur would seek out new ideas and look for opportunities for improvement. A manager would create ideas or get information back from employees to present ideas to the company. A disturbance hander would be responsible for corrective actions and handle company disturbances.

Liberalism in Canadian Government Essay -- essays research papers

Liberalism is the best ideology for Canada’s government and is a good combination of both Socialism and Conservatism. Liberalism takes the finer parts from both ideologies to create a better form of government. Canadians now have a choice in which ideology they like better by this compromised form of government. The centre of the spectrum and the equilibrium of government and individual ownership is the definition of Liberalism. A good example of why Liberalism is the number one choice from most Canadians is public and privatized hospitals. Right now, Canada only has public hospitals that are free for everybody in need of medical assistance but require a health care plan. Public hospitals are paid by taxes, just like public education. The only downfall of publicized faculties is that they are normally very crowded, and you cannot always get help as fast. Private hospitals appeal more to people with money. People who are willing to pay the extra couple grand for faster and, some say, of better quality care. Since normally the best doctors would be working in their own pri...

Pioglitazone: From discovery to clinical practice Essay

The most common type of diabetes is Type II diabetes mellitus which occurs in more that 90% of the cases of diabetes reported (Thomas, 2013). Type I diabetes is not as common  and is caused by destruction of the islet of Langerhans due to susceptibility of an autoimmune destruction leading to a reduced amount of insulin produced and glucose intolerance (Feinglos,2008). Type I diabetes is mostly diagnosed in children and young adults. Unlike diabetes type  I, Type II diabetes mellitus is mostly diagnosed in older people and is caused by unhealthy lifestyles (Thomas, 2013). Type II diabetes is characterized by production of insulin which does not perform its function. It in turn leads to a situation referred to as insulin resistance. The patients will suffer from low levels of insulin which functions as   a component  for the regulation of body sugar (Feinglos, 2008). The number of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas is normal or somewhat reduced. It is mostly characterized by hyperglycemia that is associated with the insufficient or dysfunctional insulin present in the body (Thomas, 2013). Abnormal coagulation, hypertension and diabetic dyslipidemia are also commonly reported to signify the occurrence of type II diabetes mellitus. The increased number of obesity cases has seen the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type II in teenagers and young adults (Feinglos, 2008). In cases when the patient is not obese, there is a presence of high fat distribution in the body (Feinglos, 2008). People suffering from Type II diabetes mellitus, unlike type I diabetes, do not need regular injections of insulin (Thomas, 2013). The management of type II diabetes involves the control of the increased levels of blood sugar. It is, however, important to note that the reduction of the sugar levels should not surpass the normal blood sugar levels. Because most of the patients are overweight, exercise, a proper balanced diet and reduction of weight is fundamental in the management of type II diabetes mellitus (Feinglos, 2008). Pioglitazone                  Pioglitazone is a drug belonging to a class of thiazolidinediones and is used in the management and of type II diabetes mellitus (Schatz, 2000). Since the body is unable to control the increasing levels of sugar in the blood, pioglitazone is used to increase the sensitivity to insulin (Feinglos, 2008). The drug, however, does not cure the diabetes mellitus but only helps the body in maintaining  normal  blood sugar levels. It is an oral formulation and can be taken twice daily with or without taking meals (Schatz, 2000). It is able to achieve this by inhibiting the hepatic gluconeogenesis process and also increase peripheral and splanchnic glucose uptake which implies that there is a minimal occurrence of increased blood sugar levels (Feinglos, 2008). It effects can be seen in the short term and also in the long-term (Schatz, 2000). The use of pioglitazone can be done according to the doctor’s prescription. It also important to inform the docto r before stopping the use or if any complications arise while using pioglitazone.The development of pioglitazone is based on the discovery of gene SOCS3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3) (Schatz, 2000). The elevation of the gene causes interferon resistance that in turn causes insulin resistance in the liver. Depletion of this gene has been made possible by pioglitazone which results in the reduced insulin resistance in the liver although it may cause systemic insulin resistance (Schatz, 2000). The suppression of gene SOCS3 by pioglitazone gives it the antiglycemic and ant diabetic property hence it has bee used in the management of the two cases. References Thomas, M. (2013).  Understanding type 2 diabetes: Fewer highs fewer lows better health. Wollombi, N.S.W: Exisle Publishing. Feinglos, M. N., & Bethel, M. A. (2008).  Type 2 diabetes mellitus: An evidence-based approach to practical management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. Schatz, H. (2000).  Pioglitazone: From discovery to clinical practice. Heidelberg: Barth Source document

Detection and Differentiation of Tomato Cell Death Essay

The lesions, yellowing, abnormal growth, and drying of tomato leaves at the early stage of the plant affect its fruit bearing. This phenomenon is ascribed to cell death which caused primarily of either â€Å"programmed cell death† or as consequences of the plant’s spontaneous response with pathological agents. Although cell death is an integral part of the plant’s development, extraneous loss of the cell results to the aforementioned consequences. Thus, proper regulation of cell death must be done. Since apoptosis and necrosis can possibly occur in plants, the determination of the type of cell death is crucial in the identification of the appropriate technique for its regulation. In this study, sterilized Solanum lycopersicoides seeds will be germinated at 25  °C culture laboratory. Prior to experimentation, the generated cells will be washed and a two-millimolar pyruvate will be added for ATP production. Then, the cells will be exposed to 2. 5 micromolar of oligomycin for ATP depletion. Also, to limit energy generation to cytosolic ATP production cell will be incubated in the 5 millimolar glucose with 2. 5 micromolar oligomycin. After this, cells will be incubated with staurosporine. Meanwhile, the cell death will be analyzed with respect to morphological criteria, intracellular proteolysis, and DNA fragmentation through conventional agarose gel electrophorosis or field inverted gel electrophoresis. While death detection of the cell will be done by means of Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay, ATP measurement will be done through luminometry. Moreover, phosphatidyl serine traslocation analysis will be done by means of Annexin-V-FLUOS technique to be followed by confocal microscopy and fluorescent-activated cell sorting. Detection and Differentiation of Tomato Cell Death Introduction The term â€Å"apoptosis† was derived from a Greek word which literally corresponds to â€Å"falling off† or â€Å"dropping off†, as analogous to abscission to signify cell death as integral part of every organism’s life cycle (Gewies, 2003). In the mid-nineteenth century, it has been noted that cell death occurs in parallel with physiological functions for every multi-cellular organism (Gewies, 2003). In connection to this, in 1964, expert postulated that cell death occurs not accidentally, but rather in a controlled sequence of steps (Gewies, 2003). Meanwhile, cell death is classified either as apoptosis or necrosis based on morphological and biochemical changes undergone by the cell (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). As such, plasma membrane of the cell may suffer necrosis due to extreme physiological conditions like hypothermia and hypertonic environment (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). This plasma membrane damage can also be induced by pathological agents and viruses. On the other hand, the cell can incur apoptosis even at normal physiological conditions, thus, often called as â€Å"programmed cell death† or â€Å"cellular suicide† (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). The â€Å"programmed cell death† involves intricate biochemical processes; pathogens and environmental stresses attack every cell by means of chemical signals. For example, death signals can be originated from malfunction in DNA repair mechanism, cytotoxic drug treatment, ligation of cell surface receptors, and irradiation (Gewies, 2003). In relation to this, plant responses to inhibit pathogenic growth and disease development by means of protective genes activation which in turn, through chemical reactions, kills the infected cells. The cellular death process then is directed by specific signals and independent biochemical processes in every cell (Dickman, Park, Oltersdorf, Li, Clemente, and French, 2001). Hence, understanding the intricacy of cell death requires an intensive knowledge on chemical principles behind apoptotic or necrotic process. Literature Review Apoptosis, on the basis of pathological and physiological conditions, serves a crucial role in the development of multicellular organisms and regulates cell populations in different tissues (Gewies, 2003). Apoptotic processes direct biological processes such as elimination of harmful cells, differentiation, immune system regulation, and homoeostasis (Gewies, 2003). Hence, apoptotic program dysfunction may lead to pathological conditions like viral infections, cancer, and even AIDS (Gewies, 2003). On the other hand, necrosis occurs when the cell’s inability to regulate homeostasis led to the passage of extraneous water and cellular ions into the cell which results to swelling and lysis (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). As a consequence, the organelles are then exposed to the extracellular fluid. In contrast, apoptosis may arise even at normal cell condition or tissue homeostasis (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). This involves chromatin accumulation, cytoplasmic and nuclear condensations, cytoplasm and nucleus transformation into apoptotic bodies that encapsulate nuclear material, ribosomes, and mitochondria (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). While in vivo necrosis results to damaged tissues causing inflammation, the apoptotic bodies formed by in vivo apoptosis are engulped by adjacent ephitelial cells or macrophages (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). Conversely, the apoptotic bodies formed by in vitro apoptosis undergo â€Å"secondary necrosis† or final swelling and bursting (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). Every human body has an estimated 1014 cells that are in continuous progress (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). In fact, hundreds of thousands cells are generated through mitosis in every second but almost equal number suffers apoptosis due to specific tasks and homeostasis regulation (Gewies, 2003). For instance, the elimination of the tail, and the separation of fingers and toes of a tadpole during its metamorphosis are all attributed to cell death (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). In addition, newly formed or perilous lymphocytes are destroyed through cell death (Schulze-Osthoff, 2008). Furthermore, programmed cell death or PCD has been observed in variety of species such as in mammals, metazoans, nematodes, insects, cnidaria, plants, and even in unicellular organisms (Gewies, 2003). Thus, cell death is scientifically viewed as essential in the functionality maintenance of an organism. Even though plants have the capability to protect themselves from pathogenic invaders through cell death, viral pestilence and antibiotic stressors, most often, are the cause of loss in tomato harvest (Xu, Rogers, and Roossink, 2004). As defensive response, cell death occurs only in the infected sites or termed as hypersensitive response (Morel and Dangl, 1997). Other means of plants’ defense are through cell wall reinforcement, phytoalexin synthesis, and defense-related genes activation (Kazan, Murray, Goulter, Llewellyn, and Manners, 1998). In hypersensitive response, the pathogen is restricted to a specific part of the plant through localized necrotic reactions (Taliansky, Ryabov, Robinson, and Palukaitis, 1998). Significance Researches showed that at some points PCD of plants and animals is similar. As such, jus like animal cells, plant cells generate apoptotic bodies during apoptosis (Greenberg, 1996). Also, DNA fragmentation is both observed in plants and animals apoptosis (Greenberg, 1996). Moreover, antiapoptotic gene, homologous to dad 1, in animal cells was also detected in plant cells (Greenberg, 1996). However, despite these similarities, differences were also noted. For instance, unlike animal cells, plant cells do not exhibit phagocytotic characteristics. In fact, dead cells of the plants may still perform important functions for the whole architectural organization of the plant (Greenberg, 1996). Hence, further exploration on the nature of PCD in plants should be done to gain an intensive understanding on the underpinning principles behind plant cell death. Similarly, yellowing, abnormal growth, and drying of tomato leaves at the early stage of the plant directly affect its photosynthetic activities. These observations are ascribed to cell death which caused primarily of either â€Å"programmed cell death† or as consequences of the plant’s spontaneous response with pathological agents (Greenberg, 1996). Although cell death is an integral part of the plant’s development, extraneous loss of the cell results to the aforementioned consequences. Thus, proper regulation of cell death must be done. Since apoptosis and necrosis can possibly occur in plants, the determination of the type of cell death is crucial in the identification of the appropriate technique for its regulation. Therefore, it is an imperative to determine the possible type of death, under specific physiological conditions, experienced by tomato cells in order to employ the appropriate intervention in regulating cell death. Experimental Design Sterilized Solanum lycopersicoides seeds will be germinated at 25  °C culture laboratory (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). Prior to experimentation, the generated cells will be washed and in the absence of glucose, a two-millimolar pyruvate will be added for ATP production (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). Then, the cells will be exposed to 2. 5 micromolar of oligomycin for ATP depletion. Also, to limit energy generation to cytosolic ATP production cell will be incubated in the 5 millimolar glucose and 2. 5 micromolar oligomycin concoctions (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). After this, cells will be incubated with staurosporine or STS, a cell death inducer. Meanwhile, the cell death will be analyzed with respect to morphological criteria, intracellular proteolysis, and DNA fragmentation through conventional agarose gel electrophoresis or field inverted gel electrophoresis (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). While death detection of the cell will be done by means of Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay or ELISA of Roche Technology, ATP measurement will be done through luminometrical technology of Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). Moreover, phosphatidyl serine or PS traslocation analysis will be done by means of Annexin-V-FLUOS technique to be followed by confocal microscopy and fluorescent-activated cell sorting or FACS analysis (Leist, Single, Castoldi, Kuhnle, and Nicotera, 1997). Cell Death Detection and Differentiation The following instrumental techniques will be utilized in this study for the detection of tomato cell death, and for the apoptotic and necrotic death differentiation. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are nucleotide polymers joined by diester bonds of the sugar units (Devor, 2005). These linkages between nucleotides give a negative overall charge to the nucleic acid polymer. Molecules with net electrical charges move predictably under electrical field. Hence, when nucleic acids are subjected to semi-solid gel matrix, they move toward the positive pole (Devor, 2005). In an agarose matrix, the mobility of nucleic acids can be formulated by treating its viscosity as gel density with respect to its entire length (Devor, 2005). This migration is then expressed as a negative exponential function of the radius of nucleic acid (Devor, 2005). ELISAPLUS Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS is a one-step colorimetric technique of detecting cell death. It can differentiate necrosis from apoptosis with relative quantification (Roche Applied Science, 2007). This can be done without cell staining. ELISAPLUS can be utilized for culture supernatants, plasma, lysates, and serum (Roche Applied Science, 2007). About three hours after induced apoptosis, histone-complexed DNA fragments can be detected through immunochemical method (Roche Applied Science, 2007). On the other hand, the histone-complexed DNA fragments are determined directly in the culture supernatant (Roche Applied Science, 2007). Annexin-V-FLUOS Annexin-V-FLUOS, employed for microscopic and cytometric analysis, is done by means of direct fluorescence staining (Roche Applied Science, 2007). This technique can differentiate necrotic from apoptotic cells and typically used for apoptotic detection of membrane-altered cells especialy in PS-translocation (Roche Applied Science, 2007). In line with this, freshly isolated cells and suspension or adherent cell lines are the appropriate samples for this test (Roche Applied Science, 2007). As such, the PS of the cell surface and necrotic cells are stained by FLUOS or green dye and Annexin-V-Alexa or red dye respectively (Roche Applied Science, 2007). Lastly, about 15 minutes after induced apoptosis, determination test is already done (Roche Applied Science, 2007). References Devor, E. J. (2005). IDTutorial: Gel Electrophoresis. Integrated DNA Technologies. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from http://www. idtdna. com/Support/Technical/TechnicalBulletinPDF/Gel_Electrophoresis. pdf Dickman, M. B. , Park, Y. K. , Oltersdorf, T. , Li, W. , Clemente, T. and French, R. (2001). Abrogation of Disease Development in Plants Expressing Animal Antiapoptotic Genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 19, 12, 6957-6962. Gewies, A. (2003). Introduction to Apoptosis. Apo Review. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from http://www. celldeath. de/encyclo/aporev/apointro. pdf Greenberg, J. T. (1996). Programmed Cell Death: A Way of Life for Plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 12094-12097. Kazan, K. , Murray, F. R. , Goulter, K. C. , Llewellyn, D. J. and Manners, J. M. (1998). Induction of Cell Death in Transgenic Plants Expressing a Fungal Glucose Oxidase. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 6, 555-562. Leist, M. , Single, B. , Castoldi, A. F. , Kuhnle, S. , and Nicotera P. (1997) Intracellular ATP Concentration: A Switch Deciding Between Apoptosis and Necrosis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 185, 1481–1486. Morel, J. B. and Dangl, J. L. (1997). The Hypersensitive Response and the Induction of Cell Death in Plants. Cell Death and Differentiation, 4, 671-683. Roche Applied Science. (2007). Apoptosis, Cell Death and Cell Proliferation, 3rd ed. Mannheim, Germany: Roche Diagnostics GmbH. Schulze-Osthoff, K. (2008). Apoptosis, Cell Death and Cell Proliferation, 4th ed. Roche Applied Science. Mannheim, Germany: Roche Diagnostics GmbH. Taliansky, M. E. , Ryabov, E. V. , Robinson, D. J. and Palukaitis, P. (1998). Tomato Cell Death Mediated by Complementary Plant viral Satellite RNA Sequences. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 12, 1214-1222. Xu, P. , Rogers, S. J. and Roossink, M. (2004). Expression of Antiapoptotic Genes bcl-xl and ced-9 in Tomato Enhances Tolerance to Viral-Induced Necrosis and Antibiotic Stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 4, 15805-15810.

Nature and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nature and Technology - Essay Example This means that historians study human actions, what determines actions, and what actions bring about. What determines action has usually been considered to be mental phenomena such as beliefs, hopes, and desires, whereas what results from human activity has typically been taken to be artifacts and further activity. The focus of history, as a result, has emphatically been human beings. Apart from environmental determinists and historical ecologists or environmentalists of various stripes, nature has largely been ignored. Technology, moreover, has been almost universally construed as a means for furthering human ends, as artifacts people produce, together with the skills and knowledge these artifacts require and engender, so as to facilitate their lives. According to this way of thinking, technology, unlike nature, is part of history. It is so because it shapes, facilitates, and is brought about by human activity. Whatever is part of history has a history. On the standard line of thinking, consequently, there is a history of technology but not of nature. The history of technology is simply that slice of the total realm of human activity that is tied to technology. In addition to technological objects, this slice includes the actions that generate, use, or result from technology, the knowledge and skills technology requires and engenders, and, it should be added, the complexes of these matters that are given such designations as computer networks, assembly line manufacturing, medical practices, and scientific investigation. Nature, by contrast, is not, on the standard view, part of human history. Hence, it has no history. Or rather, any conception of nature as a historical entity or realm-such as those of Whitehead, Alexander, and contemporary biological evolutionary theory-works with an expanded notion of history that does not attribute to generic history any particular connection to humans a nd human history (for example, history as events in time, as development, or as contingency). On these wider conceptions, the history of nature simply is, or pertains to, the temporal course or development of nature. There is no history of nature as something peculiarly related to humans and their history. At best, nature and its history form a backdrop against which (human) history takes place. A variety of developments has begun to chip away at the hegemony of this general conception of (human) history. Most centrally, its subversion is part of the general reconsideration currently underway of the relationship between society and nature. It has become tenuous, theoretically, to construe this relationship either reductionistically or oppositionally. This development, in turn, challenges the opposition between history and nature that is a facet of the venerable concept of history and that parallels, and maybe depends on, the society-nature opposition. (Mitcham, 233) It should be stressed that activity remains crucial to history on this expanded conception of its domain. In the first place, actions, as the moments of practices, are absolutely central to practice-arrangement nexuses. More deeply, one condition of the existence of history qua the development of the social site (or, for that matter, qua the course of activity) is the historicity of the individual lives bound up with it. By the historicity of

Teaching and presentation skills FOR NURSING AND SOCIAL WORK SKILLS Essay

Teaching and presentation skills FOR NURSING AND SOCIAL WORK SKILLS - Essay Example The topic I chose for my teaching and presentation session was Direct Payments. The present essay will discuss the theories, process and teaching and presentation skills which I learnt to practice. I will use Gibbs reflective model to examine the preparation and delivery of the lesson I delivered using teaching and presentation skills. I have opted for Gibbs model of reflection because it integrates a number of logical steps including description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). I will facilitate critical thought and relate theory to practice in an effective manner using Gibbs model. I will evaluate and analyse my teaching practice using SWOT analysis in order to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of my teaching practice and to identify areas for future improvement (Wilkinson 2007). Reflective practice in nursing and social work is guided by models of reflection. A reflective practice model serves as a framework within which nursing or other management professions can work. Reflective practice model is also a structural framework or learning model that serves the purposes of a profession and is particularly applicable to health and social care professions (Smith & Jack 2005). Any portfolio of practice includes a model of reflection as reflection helps in determining what was positive or negative in a pedagogical experience. Reflective practice highlights the importance of learning from experiences through reflection. It relates the practical experiences to the theoretical learning approaches (Johns & Graham 1996). There are many different ways of learning and teaching. Sensory stimulation theory has its foundation in learning through the senses that is seeing, hearing, touch, smell and taste. (Petty 2004). Brockbank & McGill (1998)

The Positive & Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Research Paper

The Positive & Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Economy - Research Paper Example Households that have current union members positively view labor unions as having positive effects on American economy than those with former union members and those who have never been union members. People in different income levels observe that unions have positive effects on members’ benefits, working conditions and salary. On the other hand, the bureau for statistics for US says that households in current unions also believe that unions have a positive impact in workplace and US economy. 48% of union household members agree to this, while 34% of the former union members oppose it. In the US, workers who are members of unions receive more benefits at the cost of those who have no unions. However, it has been discovered that unions are fighting for the rights of member workers, but at the same time trying to reap large bundles of their own benefits. The worst problem is that this reduces the competitiveness of US companies in global markets and consequently the economy (Thomas, John, & Valletta, 2004). The authors further state that the benefits of union workers are derived from bargaining power of the union, monopoly, and the face of collective voice. It is clearly evident that labor unions are mainly good for US workers as opposed to the competitiveness of the economy. A research presented by Bureau of Statistics for US in 2009 shows that the rating in favor of labor unions is 45% and though at a low level, it is an expression of a positive view. The rating for business corporations is 47% which also indicates a favorable impression; drop is about a historic low. The expression of American view of labor union’s effects on wages and working conditions are mixed. 53% of them believe that they positively affect union workers’ benefits and salaries, while 17% argue that they have negative effects. The table below shows the declining